Option 16 stars in opinion. Scientists are closer to solving the mystery of the birth of planets

Option No. 2147264

When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. The answers to tasks 1-26 are a figure (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).

If the option is specified by the teacher, you can enter or upload answers to tasks with a detailed answer into the system. The teacher will see the results of completing tasks with a short answer and will be able to evaluate the downloaded answers to tasks with a long answer. The scores assigned by the teacher will appear in your statistics. The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Version for printing and copying in MS Word

Indicate the numbers of sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) British astronomers proposed in 1884 to draw an imaginary prime meridian at the location of the Greenwich Observatory, dividing the globe into the Western and Eastern hemispheres.

2) For geographical measurements, which are carried out on the basis of the concepts of latitude - distance from the equator and longitude - distance from the prime meridian, since 1884 the basis has been an imaginary prime meridian.

3) Latitude shows the distance from the equator, longitude shows the distance from the prime meridian, where the Greenwich Observatory is located.

4) The imaginary prime meridian, based on the degree of distance from which latitude is determined, divides the globe into the Western and Eastern hemispheres.

5) Since 1884, the imaginary prime meridian has been the basis for geographical measurements based on the concepts of latitude - distance from the equator and longitude - distance from the prime meridian.

Answer:

Which of the following words or combinations of words should be missing in the third (3) sentence of the text?

Because

Answer:

Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word BALL. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in sentence 1. Write down the number corresponding to this meaning in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

BALL, -a, m.

1) A geometric body formed by the rotation of a circle around its diameter. Radius of the ball. Surface of the ball.

2) An object of this shape. Ball of the sun. Moon ball.

4) An inflatable toy is a transparent colored shell filled with light gas or air. Beautiful ball.

(1) From the point of view of geography, any place on the globe has its own address, indicated by latitude and longitude.

Answer:

In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

religion

intention

not for long

Answer:

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

“Gigantism” in Altai is found not only in the plant world, but also in the ANIMAL world: even the brown bear and deer, which are widespread in Western and Eastern Siberia, sometimes reach very impressive sizes here.

My neighbor's friend is inventive and BUSINESS, he is never idle and doesn't let those around him get bored

If you received CASH from a bank, then you have the right to spend it only for the intended purpose indicated on the bank receipt.

Nutritionists advise including seaweed or kelp in your diet to REPLACE iodine deficiency in the body, and in addition, kelp can be used as a skin care product for the face and body.

Answer:

In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

THEIR letters

in BOTH hands

UNTIL NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTH

Dear DIRECTORS

CHEENED PEAR

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

A) And Baba Yaga said that I haven’t heard the Russian spirit for a long time, and then you came to me yourself.	1) violation in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members
B) Situated on an earthen embankment, the game was accompanied by approving or indignant screams from the spectators.	2) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech
C) Many of those who knew Chekhov remember his fierce hatred of self-aggrandizement and arrogance.	3) violation of the connection between subject and predicate
D) None of the passers-by, hurrying to the fair, paid attention to the carts with household utensils standing aside.	4) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
D) During my life, I have visited many museums and art galleries in the world: the Vatican, the Hermitage, the Louvre.	5) error in the use of participle phrases
	6) error in the use of participial phrases
	7) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

A	B	IN	G	D

Answer:

Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

l..nguistic

financial scientist

m..ridian

stunned..broken

rub..dry

Answer:

Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write down these words by inserting the missing letter.

un..characteristic, too..excessively;

super..natural, p..pedestal;

nice, nice, above (total);

pre..history, take..mother (tribute);

oh..dacha, please.

Answer:

Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank.

unfold..unfold

flinch..shudder

pensive

holy fool..vy

Answer:

Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.

dedicating

light..shine

slouching...slouching

praying

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

I (couldn't) find what to say.

My words were (not) heard.

He looked around in surprise, as if (not) understanding what had happened to him.

Her face was (un)readable.

Bagration looked around the retinue with nothing (not) expressing his eyes.

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

Ivan Petrovich stood with his eyes closed, as if gathering his thoughts to say the final word.

On a sunny day, aspen trees gathered at the edge of the forest, as if they were cold and they went out to warm up, just as in villages people leave their houses and (IN) A PLACE sit on the rubble.

(WHY) do people not fly and (WHY) do they not have wings?

A lot depends on how this meeting goes, THAT'S WHY I'm so worried.

Answer:

Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

We saw only the foamy crests of furious (2) waves and heard the cries of alarmed (3) birds frantically (4) flying over the sea.

Answer:

Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Bright lightning shook the sky and I saw a smoky cloud bank above the window.

2) The ideal nobleman had to resemble the hero of chivalric novels and a character from ancient history and a Christian preacher.

3) The art teacher paid attention to the boy’s abilities and inclinations and convinced the parents to send the child to a painting school.

4) Summer residents lazily walk under umbrellas or sit in the shade of trees.

5) Antiquity in Greece appeared before V.A. Serov in its purest form and the artist perceived this country as a realized dream of great art.

Answer:

A snowball (1) that fell at night (2) and melted before our eyes (3) makes the nearby hill (4) even more slippery.

Answer:

Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Dostoevsky was very proud of having invented or (1) better said (2) introduced into the Russian language the verb “to shy away.” He was so proud of this that he wrote (3) as is known (4) a whole chapter about it in the “Diary of a Writer.”

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Lecithin is a substance (1) deficiency (2) of which (3) leads to increased fatigue and memory impairment.

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

They say (1) that kindness cures loneliness (2) and (3) when I settled in the village (4) I had the opportunity to verify this.

Answer:

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Simply thinking about the meaning of life has no value in itself.

2) It depends on the people of today whether life will be preserved.

3) The most pressing questions are eternal questions.

4) Without striving for the future, it is impossible for a person.

5) And people who live today are not necessarily worse than yesterday.

(According to A. Adamovich*)

Answer:

Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 1–5 contain reasoning.

2) Proposition 7 is contrasted in content to sentence 6.

3) Proposition 24 explains the content of sentence 23.

4) Sentences 32–35 contain narrative.

5) The predominant type of text is description.

(1)...So what is the meaning of human existence? (2) Isn’t the answer in the question? (3) Isn’t the point of man’s appearance on earth and in the Universe so that someone would ask? (4) Yourself and the whole world: why are we and why is everything? (5) If it is true that man is matter that has realized itself, has realized its existence, has seen itself from the outside, then who, except man, should ask: why? For what? For what?..

(6) A stone will not be asked that it is a stone, a seagull will not be asked that it is a seagull... (7) A person will not be asked.

(8) “A worm,” wrote one of Daniil Granin’s heroes, “in order to ‘make the earth’.”

(9) “A man,” we say, “to ask.” (10) And for the worm, and for the earth itself, ask: why everything? (11) What is the earth for and why the worm that “makes the earth”? (12) And the most important “why” - why me, a man?

(13) “Simply thinking about the meaning of life,” said Albert Schweitzer, “has value in itself.” (14) A man looks at the sky, at the stars - he needs this because he is a man. (15) He does not look like a mountain top, a tree, a cat. (16) And he looks, asking for himself, and for the mountain, and for the cat: what and why?

(17) What is the most important thing today, what are the most pressing issues? (18) Aren’t the eternal ones the most relevant? (19) Yes, the very ones that we often thought about: they will wait, that’s why they are “eternal”!

(20) A matter of life and death? - just think, we would care about your worries!

(21) Now this is our concern, it is ours - about the life and death of the planet itself, firstly, and, secondly, of humanity, the person on it. (22) And is there anything more important and relevant than such eternal questions?

(23) The present is something that has always been willingly sacrificed for something: sometimes to the past, and sometimes to the future. (24) After all, this moment is just a bridge for the “conservatives” to go into a cozy, sweet past for them, and for the “revolutionaries” to rush and carry them along into the future.

(25) And the people who live today are necessarily worse than those of yesterday. (26) And they are certainly far from those who will come tomorrow!

(27) But it has never been so obvious that everything came together for them, for today’s people. (28) Whatever they are, it undoubtedly depends on them whether life will be preserved.

(29) Today the truth is especially tangible: without the past, a person is not complete, without striving for the future, it is impossible for a person, but the main meaning of human existence is still that the present continues forever - a person lives and continues. (30) The meaning of life is in life itself. (31) After all, it may indeed turn out that man is the only being in the Universe who is aware of his existence and asks, asks, about the meaning and purposes of his own existence!

(32) Why is this? - may I ask. (33) - Why should they ask?

(34) Let's wait billions of years and find out the answers to all the “whys”. (35) The main thing is not to break the chain, not to let life end...

(According to A. Adamovich*)

* Alexander (Ales) Mikhailovich Adamovich(1927-1994) - Russian and Belarusian Soviet writer, screenwriter, literary critic.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, version 7.

Answer:

From sentences 20-22, write down the antonymic pair.

(6) A stone will not be asked that it is a stone, a seagull will not be asked that it is a seagull... (7) A person will not be asked.

(8) “A worm,” wrote one of Daniil Granin’s heroes, “in order to ‘make the earth’.”

(20) A matter of life and death? - just think, we would care about your worries!

(25) And the people who live today are necessarily worse than those of yesterday. (26) And they are certainly far from those who will come tomorrow!

(27) But it has never been so obvious that everything came together for them, for today’s people. (28) Whatever they are, it undoubtedly depends on them whether life will be preserved.

(32) Why is this? - may I ask. (33) - Why should they ask?

(34) Let's wait billions of years and find out the answers to all the “whys”. (35) The main thing is not to break the chain, not to let life end...

(According to A. Adamovich*)

* Alexander (Ales) Mikhailovich Adamovich(1927-1994) - Russian and Belarusian Soviet writer, screenwriter, literary critic.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, version 7.

(2) Isn’t the answer in the question?

Answer:

Among sentences 13–17, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

(6) A stone will not be asked that it is a stone, a seagull will not be asked that it is a seagull... (7) A person will not be asked.

(8) “A worm,” wrote one of Daniil Granin’s heroes, “in order to ‘make the earth’.”

(20) A matter of life and death? - just think, we would care about your worries!

(25) And the people who live today are necessarily worse than those of yesterday. (26) And they are certainly far from those who will come tomorrow!

(27) But it has never been so obvious that everything came together for them, for today’s people. (28) Whatever they are, it undoubtedly depends on them whether life will be preserved.

(32) Why is this? - may I ask. (33) - Why should they ask?

(34) Let's wait billions of years and find out the answers to all the “whys”. (35) The main thing is not to break the chain, not to let life end...

(According to A. Adamovich*)

* Alexander (Ales) Mikhailovich Adamovich(1927-1994) - Russian and Belarusian Soviet writer, screenwriter, literary critic.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, version 7.

(17) What is the most important thing today, what are the most pressing issues?

Answer:

Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“A. Adamovich begins the conversation about the meaning of human life with a number of questions that attract the reader’s attention to the main problem of the text. The author widely uses the lexical device - (A)_____ (“existence”, “being”, “matter”, “truth”, etc.). Arguing about what “the present” is, the author in sentence 24 uses a trope such as (B)_____ (“this moment is just a bridge...”). The syntactic device - (B)_____ (for example, sentences 17, 18, 22) - helps the author of the text not only enhance the emotional background, but also show the severity and significance of the problem raised. Arguing his view on the problem, the author uses the technique - (D)_____ (in sentence 13).”

List of terms:

1) contextual antonyms

2) quoting

3) anaphora

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) interrogative sentences

6) general scientific terms

7) metaphor

8) dialectisms

9) rhetorical appeal

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	G

(6) A stone will not be asked that it is a stone, a seagull will not be asked that it is a seagull... (7) A person will not be asked.

(8) “A worm,” wrote one of Daniil Granin’s heroes, “in order to ‘make the earth’.”

(20) A matter of life and death? - just think, we would care about your worries!

(25) And the people who live today are necessarily worse than those of yesterday. (26) And they are certainly far from those who will come tomorrow!

(27) But it has never been so obvious that everything came together for them, for today’s people. (28) Whatever they are, it undoubtedly depends on them whether life will be preserved.

(32) Why is this? - may I ask. (33) - Why should they ask?

(34) Let's wait billions of years and find out the answers to all the “whys”. (35) The main thing is not to break the chain, not to let life end...

(According to A. Adamovich*)

* Alexander (Ales) Mikhailovich Adamovich(1927-1994) - Russian and Belarusian Soviet writer, screenwriter, literary critic.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, version 7.

Answer:

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is graded 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(6) A stone will not be asked that it is a stone, a seagull will not be asked that it is a seagull... (7) A person will not be asked.

(8) “A worm,” wrote one of Daniil Granin’s heroes, “in order to ‘make the earth’.”

(20) A matter of life and death? - just think, we would care about your worries!

(25) And the people who live today are necessarily worse than those of yesterday. (26) And they are certainly far from those who will come tomorrow!

(27) But it has never been so obvious that everything came together for them, for today’s people. (28) Whatever they are, it undoubtedly depends on them whether life will be preserved.

(32) Why is this? - may I ask. (33) - Why should they ask?

(34) Let's wait billions of years and find out the answers to all the “whys”. (35) The main thing is not to break the chain, not to let life end...

(According to A. Adamovich*)

* Alexander (Ales) Mikhailovich Adamovich(1927-1994) - Russian and Belarusian Soviet writer, screenwriter, literary critic.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, version 7.

Solutions to long-answer tasks are not automatically checked.
The next page will ask you to check them yourself.

Complete testing, check answers, see solutions.

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences E. LEVITAN.

Science and life // Illustrations

According to one of the hypotheses put forward by astronomers, the Sun and planets arose from a hot rotating cloud.

The universe is not so willing to reveal its secrets. Scientists try hard to solve the riddles she asks them, come up with different answers, put forward, discuss and test all kinds of scientific assumptions (these are usually called hypotheses). There are many hypotheses among them that explain how stars and planets arose.

Stars, like people, are born, live and eventually die. The life of most stars lasts billions of years and sometimes ends with powerful flares. We say “a supernova exploded,” but we remember that in reality we are seeing cosmic fireworks, which mark the end of the life of some huge and distant star. It turns out that in the Universe there are no celestial bodies that appear once and then never change.

With the help of the latest ground-based and space telescopes, you can observe and carefully study the properties of many stars, find stars that are similar to each other and completely different, unusual. Many astronomers dedicated their lives to such work, thanks to whom we know today that among the stars there are giants and dwarfs, cold and hot, very heavy and the same mass as our Sun.

And astronomers have also found that the ages of stars are also different. Young stars live, for example, in the beautiful Pleiades star cluster. They are no more than several million years old. This age in the star world is considered childish. But our Sun is at least five billion years old. True, there are stars of more respectable age. There are especially many long-livers in globular star clusters - huge balls of stars, in which there are millions and even billions of stars.

Astronomers who have learned to distinguish stars by appearance and age have found it easier to understand how the life of stars proceeds from birth to death. But, since, unlike us, people, whose life lasts only a few decades, stars live for millions and billions of years, scientists can only imagine the life path of stars, come up with and justify one or another hypothesis about their origin and development.

Stars, according to most astronomers, arose (and continue to be born now in our and other galaxies) from contracting clouds of gas and dust. First, not real stars are formed, but their embryos - “protostars”, similar to spherical clouds of gas. A gas ball can turn into a real star when a “stellar” energy source starts working inside it. Such a “fire” does not begin to burn immediately. It is necessary for the temperature inside the contracting “protostar” to rise to at least ten million degrees. Then the embryo will turn into a real star, which will shine for a long time thanks to the reliable source of energy operating in its center.

The most interesting thing is that such a high temperature inside the Sun has existed for several billion years and will exist for at least as long. But in order for the fire not to go out, you need to constantly throw firewood into it. How is such incredible heat maintained inside the Sun? This is a very complex and important question that many astronomers and physicists have pondered for a long time. Now almost all of them have no doubt that hydrogen turns into helium inside the Sun. Try to imagine many light particles of hydrogen, which, at temperatures of millions of degrees, tend to combine into heavier particles of helium. This is what happens inside the Sun. And while such a “fire” is burning there, the Sun will send light and warmth to each of us and all living things on planet Earth.

Our Sun will have enough hydrogen fuel for about another ten billion years. What's next? Then helium will become combustible, which will turn into carbon even heavier than itself. The appearance of the Sun will change. It will become a red giant, after some time the outer shell will separate from the Sun and gradually dissipate, and in the place of the red giant there will be a white dwarf - a very dense and hot star the size of our Earth...

If the star is heavier than the Sun, then at the end of its life it will not become a white dwarf, but a very tiny and very dense neutron star, or even turn into a mysterious invisible “black hole”.

Somehow, imperceptibly, from the distant past we were transported to the distant future. But nothing has yet been said about many events that happened in the past, in particular about how the planets were born, including our Earth.

We now live in a very harmonious, beautiful and harmonious solar system. Let us recall that the Sun is one of the thousand billion stars of our Galaxy, which is called the Milky Way (see “Science and Life” No.). For billions of years, the planets move around the Sun in the same direction, strictly observing the rules of celestial movement. Almost all planets and satellites around planets rotate in the same direction around their axes. Wonderful order! At times, however, it seems to be disrupted by comets approaching the Sun, but these “shaggy stars”, having circled the Sun, are again carried away to the outskirts of the Solar system. So it was, so it is and so it will be for a very, very long time...

How did this heavenly round dance begin? How, for example, did the planets come into being? For a long time no one could give an exact answer to this question. Even today, astronomers believe that they have not yet been able to finally understand how the solar system arose, although many scientists, including those who lived long before us, have pondered this question.

Some believed that the planets began to be born as a result of a cosmic catastrophe, when a huge comet collided with the Sun or some huge star flew near it. It was then that part of the hot solar matter separated from our star and clumps formed from it, which gradually turned first into hot and then into cold balls that became planets. As if everything is clear and understandable, but in science there is little to say. We need to confirm our arguments with mathematical calculations and, of course, compare the proposed hypothesis with what we already know about the planets. This is where it turns out that the hypothesis that seems true at first glance is actually not so good.

For a long time, the hypothesis that the Sun and the planets arose from the same rotating hot cloud of gas seemed quite suitable. The gravitational forces, which we still encounter at every step and which hold the planets in their orbits, compressed the gas cloud, gradually it turned into the Sun, and part of the matter, separating from the cloud, created several rings around it. Over time, planets formed from these rings.

According to another hypothesis, the planets most likely never were hot balls at all. They appear to have emerged from a nebula of gas and dust surrounding the Sun. The nebula, slowly rotating around the Sun, gradually flattened into a disk of gas and dust, which eventually broke up into separate parts. Some of these concentrations grew to the size of planets. Our Earth, for example, was formed from its “embryo” in about a hundred million years. The huge meteorites falling on it at that time heated up the depths and left numerous craters on the surface. The air and water that appeared then erased most of the craters from the surface of the Earth, and on the surface of other celestial bodies, where these vital components never appeared, for example on Mercury or Mars, they remained untouched.

It is estimated that the mass of all the planets in the solar system is only 0.1% of the mass of the Sun. But we will talk about them in more detail next time.

I study biology and chemistry at Five Plus in Gulnur Gataulovna’s group. I am delighted, the teacher knows how to interest the subject and find an approach to the student. He adequately explains the essence of his requirements and gives homework that is realistic in scope (and not, as most teachers do during the Unified State Exam, ten paragraphs at home, and one in class). . We study strictly for the Unified State Exam and this is very valuable! Gulnur Gataullovna is sincerely interested in the subjects that she teaches and always gives the necessary, timely and relevant information. Highly recommend!

Camilla

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I was preparing for the Unified State Exam in history and social studies with Vitaly Sergeevich. He is an extremely responsible teacher in relation to his work. Punctual, polite, pleasant to talk to. It is clear that the man lives for his work. He is well versed in teenage psychology and has a clear training method. Thank you "Five Plus" for your work!

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I very carefully selected a social studies tutor; I wanted to pass the exam with the maximum score. “A+” helped me in this matter, I studied in Vitaly Sergeevich’s group, the classes were super, everything was clear, everything was clear, at the same time fun and relaxed. Vitaly Sergeevich presented the material in such a way that it was memorable by itself. I am very pleased with the preparation!

(1) In those days, the house - old, black, lopsided, under a rusty roof - stuck out among the new five-story buildings. (2) Every month the builders got closer and closer to him and eventually squeezed him on three sides. (3) Someone had already knocked down the fence, someone burned it on a cheerful bonfire, someone accidentally unloaded concrete slabs near the front door, but the house stood stubbornly and indestructibly, and its owners still stubbornly refused to move anywhere was. (4) However, there were no owners, there was a mistress - Maria Tikhonovna Lukoshina. (5) Until then, Semyon Mitrofanovich somehow met with her little. (6) Once he officially went to see her, as a representative, because the builders had received a complaint that the old woman did not want to leave, did not allow the house to be demolished, and in general was hindering progress on this street in every possible way. (7) But even that day Semyon Mitrofanovich was allowed no further than the threshold, and therefore the conversation turned out to be in a draft.
- (8) You refuse, then, citizen Lukoshina Maria Tikhonovna?
- (9) Let me die in peace.
-(10) But you, Maria Tikhonovna, are offered a separate one-room apartment in a new building with all amenities. (11) Just think: our government gives you, a lonely person, a whole apartment!
- (12) Let me die in peace.
- (13) We’ll evict you, citizen Lukoshina, we’ll have to force it...
(14) Until now, he could not forgive himself for that conversation.
(15) The next day in the morning everything happened. (16) The bulldozer driver got a job, drove the car to the house, knocked politely:
- Hey, owners, shake yourself out! (17) Half an hour to get ready - and I’ll plunge into your rotten life!..
(18) They didn’t answer in the house. (19) They knocked, shouted - the house was silent. (20) He was silent until the foreman ordered the doors to be broken down. (21) As soon as they took hold of them, these doors opened, like in a fairy tale. (22) And Baba Yaga is on the threshold. (23) She listened to the entire cry in silence and didn’t seem to understand: she looked calmly, didn’t grab things and didn’t even cry.
“(24) I’ll break you, grandma,” said the bulldozer driver.
(25) She looked at him with her coals.
“(26) I’m not a grandma,” she said. - (27) Not a grandmother, not a mother, not a mother-in-law - just an old woman.
- (28) Break it! - the foreman shouted. - (29) And so we lost half a day!
- (30) How is this possible! - the girls-painters made noise. - (31) You don’t have the right to break!
(32) First you need to transport a person!.. (ZZ) Come on, grandma, we will help you...
“(34) No need,” said Baba Yaga. - (Zb) Nothing is needed.
(36) And she went into the house. (37) And disappeared. (38) The foreman, spitting, went to his place, the painters went on a lunch break, and the foreman said to the bulldozer driver:
- Shake the house - she will jump out at once.
(39) However, the old woman came out herself. (40) She came out as before: in a dressing gown, only portraits in her hands. (41) There are four portraits in the frame. - (42) Break it.
- (43) What about things? - the bulldozer driver shouted.
-(44) What things? (45) You are talking nonsense. (46) Break it, and that’s it. (47) I’ll just take a look. (48) She sat down on the slabs and placed the portraits next to her.
- (49) Are you saving icons, grandma?
“(50) Icons,” she said. - (51) Holy Great Russian martyrs: Saint Vladimir, Saint Yuri, Saint Nicholas and Saint Oleg. (52) They burned alive near the village of Konstantinovka on July twenty-ninth forty-three.
- (53) Sons? - That’s all the foreman asked.
-(54) Sons, - she answered, - the crew of a combat vehicle.
(55) It suddenly became quiet: the bulldozer driver turned off the engine. (56) And he said quietly:
- Go to the house, grandma. (57) Please.
(58) And he himself went to the department, where he told everything as it was. (59) That’s when Semyon Mitrofanovich got involved at the last, so to speak, stage. (60) He visited the Architectural Department eight times; asked, begged, proved. (61) I found the school where these tankers studied, and organized a museum there. (62) I signed up with the unit, with the village of Konstantinovka: both from the unit and from the village, delegations arrived on the appointed day. (bZ) The mother was partially presented with an album and a model of the “thirty-four”, and from the village four urns with earth. (64) From the grave is the earth, where all four of her sons, all her grandchildren and all great-grandchildren lay.
(65) And the construction parts were transported to another place the next night, and a new fence was erected. (66) It was all simple, the builders themselves did it.

(According to B. Vasiliev)

Boris Lvovich Vasiliev (1924-2013)- Russian writer, front-line soldier, author of military prose.

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20–23.
This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

“The story of the heroine’s life, told by the writer Boris Vasiliev, evokes emotion in the souls of readers. This is also achieved with the help of various means of expression, which emphasize the tragedy of the situation. So, the paths: (A) _____ (“ lonely to the person in sentence 11, " the Saints martyrs Great Russian"in sentence 51), (B) ______ (“looked at him with her coals” in sentence 25), techniques: (C) _______ (in sentence 27), (D) ______ (“ All her four sons All her grandchildren and All great-grandchildren were lying” in sentence 64) - help to learn more deeply the history of the main character’s family, imagine her state of mind, understand why she does not want to leave the old house.”

List of terms:
1) epithets
2) comparison
3) litotes
4) phraseological units
5) dialogue
6) opposition
7) metaphor
8) lexical repetition
9) antonyms

MOSCOW, December 19 - RIA Novosti, Vladislav Strekopytov. Scientists, observing the star HD 141569A from the constellation Libra, suggested that it is forming a planetary system, the source of material for which is particles of a cloud of gas and dust - a protoplanetary disk. This has been found in many young stars, and astronomers are actively studying this, because every discovery in this area brings us closer to understanding how our planet formed and how life arose.

First discoveries

Long gone are the days when scientists debated whether there were planetary systems other than our solar one. Over four thousand exoplanets have already been discovered in more than three thousand planetary systems. And according to general estimates, there are at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way galaxy.

It is believed that exoplanets are formed from particles of protoplanetary disks that form around protostars in the early stages of their development. It is assumed that the planets of the solar system arose from the same cloud.

© Wikipedia / Mikhail Marov, 2018Conceptual diagram of the origin of the Solar System: 1, 2 - the collapse of the molecular cloud and the formation of a protoplanetary disk; 3 - splitting of the protoplanetary disk into separate annular clusters of solid particles; 4 - birth of planetesimals; 5 - collisions and interactions of planetesimals lead to the formation of planets

Conceptual diagram of the origin of the Solar System: 1, 2 - the collapse of the molecular cloud and the formation of a protoplanetary disk; 3 - splitting of the protoplanetary disk into separate annular clusters of solid particles; 4 - birth of planetesimals; 5 - collisions and interactions of planetesimals lead to the formation of planets

In principle, finding protoplanetary clouds in space is even easier than exoplanets. First of all, they are much larger. Secondly, they are easy to distinguish against the background of the star: if unpolarized light emanates from the star, the electric and magnetic fields of which are randomly oriented, then the light reflected from the protoplanetary disk is polarized.

The first protoplanetary disk was discovered in 1984 near the star β Pictoris. In 1994, the Hubble Space Telescope discovered massive dust disks around more than half the stars in the Orion Nebula, an area 1,500 light-years from Earth. It became clear that all planetary systems pass through the protoplanetary disk stage.

Hubble's results help explain why all the material in a cloud of gas and dust does not fall onto the newborn star due to gravity: spinning too quickly causes it to be distributed around the massive object in a wide, flat disk.

In 1998, the SCUBA submillimeter bolometer of the James Clark Maxwell Infrared Telescope on Mauna Kea (Hawaii) detected dust disks around Vega (α Lyrae) and Fomalhaut (α Pisces South).

The short age of protoplanetary disks

In 2001, American scientists, in a review of protoplanetary disks in young star clusters aged from 0.3 to 30 million years, concluded that initially the mass fraction of dust there is very high - more than 80 percent, and then quickly decreases and half of the stars are older than three million years - already without disks. They estimated the average lifespan of the disks at six million years. By cosmic standards, this is very small, so those disks that astronomers see are a rather rare and short-lived phenomenon.

There is also a first candidate for the title of the shortest-lived protoplanetary system. In July 2012, astronomers from the United States and Australia reported the disappearance of the disk of a young star, only about ten million years old, TYC 8241 2652 1 in the constellation Centaur (460 light years from Earth). In 2008, a dust disk was seen there. In 2009, its brightness decreased by two-thirds, and by 2010 it became almost indistinguishable. That is, the disk disappeared in just three years, which is still an absolute record.

Scientists have put forward diametrically opposed theories to explain such a rapid disappearance of the disk. Its particles were attracted by the star or thrown into space as a result of some powerful gravitational interactions. Otherwise, we must admit that the formation of planets occurs much faster than is commonly believed.

ALMA made it possible to see the details

Huge opportunities for studying exoplanets and protoplanetary clouds have opened up thanks to the installation of SPHERE, the largest optical telescope VLT (Very Large Telescope) and the ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array) radio telescope complex in the Chilean Atacama Desert.

The ALMA complex, operating in the wavelength range of 0.3-10 millimeters, corresponding to temperatures from one to 50 degrees Kelvin, unlike optical and infrared telescopes, is able to distinguish even the coldest dust particles and gas molecules of protoplanetary clouds with a temperature of about 30 degrees Kelvin. It is not surprising that the first large project launched at ALMA - DSHARP (Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project) - was devoted to the study of protoplanetary disks of nearby stars. The results of the first phase, completed in December 2018, were so impressive that the Astrophysical Journal Letters dedicated a separate issue to them.

The ALMA telescope captured the protoplanetary disks of about 20 young stars ranging in age from one to several million years with unprecedented resolution. These amazing images were published in a special release from the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).

The images show many complex elements of protoplanetary disks: rings, concentric discontinuities, spiral structures, binary systems. The sensitivity of radio telescopes made it possible to detect features the size of several astronomical units (an astronomical unit is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun, about 150 million kilometers) within structures with a radius of several to 100 astronomical units. What they saw sparked a scientific debate about how and how quickly planets form in protoplanetary disks.

Are gaps in the disks planetary tracks or snow lines?

As an alternative explanation, the so-called snow line hypothesis has been proposed: concentric gaps in the disks are fronts of condensation of water vapor, ammonia or ammonia hydrates, turning into a solid state at a certain distance from the star as the temperature drops. However, it was not possible to prove that the observed discontinuities correspond to the snow lines of the main molecules.

Be that as it may, exoplanets are sought primarily in the rings of protoplanetary disks, especially those of large gas giants.

Scientists believe that the first stage of planet formation - from individual dust grains to an object several kilometers in size - occurs very quickly by astronomical standards. The DSHARP project has demonstrated that large planets like Neptune or Saturn are forming much faster than theoretical calculations suggest. Such planets are often born on the outskirts of systems, at great distances from the parent star.

Spiral sleeves

In 2012, the discovery of at least six protoplanetary disks with spiral arms was reported. The observations were made using the Subaru telescope of the Japanese National Astronomical Observatory on Mauna Kea (Hawaii).

According to computer simulations, such structures could be created by nascent giant planets as large as or larger than Jupiter. Each time, the planet will be right at the tip of one of the two arms and will drag the spiral along with it, moving along its orbit.

In a recent paper published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, a team led by Bin Ren of Johns Hopkins University summarized data from the spiral cloud of the star MWC 758, which had been observed for more than a decade. The curls of the spiral rotated by about 0.6 degrees annually. According to the authors, this corresponds to a giant planet located at the tip of the arm and completing a full revolution every 600 years.

Scientists have also found that the two spiral arms of the protoplanetary disk may be formed not by giant planets, but by dwarf companion stars. In any case, this model better explains the observational data on the young star HD 100453.

"Quiet Havens"

There is one weak link in the theory of planet formation from gas and dust disks. As soon as the embryo of the planet (planetesimal) reaches a certain mass, the dynamics of the disk become insufficient to keep it in orbit, and it must fall onto the parent star.

They are trying to solve this problem using ALMA data. According to their interpretation, inside the disk there are peculiar “safe havens” - orbital levels at which planetesimals can quickly gain mass in a relatively calm environment, and at a much earlier stage of the evolution of the planetary system than previously thought. Calculations of these levels were performed using the cloud of the star AS209 as an example.