Chapter 27. SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF GROUP AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
§ 1. Socio-psychological diagnosis of family problems
Many social and psychological problems of the family can be reduced to two main groups:
1) family (spouses, children, parents of spouses);
2) marital.
In turn, both of them break down into more detailed problems: status-role family relationships (distribution of responsibilities, maintaining the family budget, etc.), normative behavior, conflicts, compatibility, communication style, empathy, motives for marriage and divorce (breakup families).
One of the main areas of work of practical psychologists is working with families (spouses, parents and children). The key point in this work is obtaining complete and reliable information. In Russian psychology, methods for collecting information about inter-spousal relationships are most fully presented and less extensively about parent-child relationships.
MethodologyPARI is intended to study the attitudes of parents (primarily mothers) to different aspects of family life (family role). The authors are American psychologists E. S. Schaefer and R. K. Dell.
The methodology identifies 23 aspect-signs relating to different aspects of the parents’ relationship to the child and life in the family. Of these, 8 characteristics describe attitudes toward family roles and 15 relate to parent-child relationships. These 15 signs are divided into 3 groups: 1) optimal emotional contact; 2) excessive emotional distance with the child; 3) excessive concentration on the child.
Before starting work, the child is informed that he is expected to answer questions about the pictures. The child looks at the drawings, listens or reads the questions and answers them.
The child must either choose a place for himself among the people depicted, or identify himself with a character occupying one or another place in the group. He can choose it closer or further from a certain person. In test tasks, the child is asked to choose a typical form of behavior, and some tasks are constructed as sociometric ones.
Thus, the technique allows you to obtain information about the child’s attitude towards various people and phenomena around him.
The simplicity and schematic nature that distinguishes R. Gilles’ method from other projective tests not only makes it easy for the child being tested, but also expands the possibilities for relatively greater formalization.
Psychological material characterizing the child’s system of personal relationships can be divided into two large groups:
1. Variables characterizing the child’s specific personal relationships: to the family environment (mother, father, grandmother, sister, etc.), to a friend, to an authoritarian adult, etc.
2. Variables that characterize the child himself and manifest themselves in various relationships: sociability, isolation, desire for dominance, social adequacy of behavior.
In total, 12 signs are identified that characterize the attitude towards the mother and father; to mother and father as a family couple; to brothers and sisters; to grandparents; to friend; towards the teacher, as well as curiosity, the desire for dominance; sociability, adequacy.
The attitude towards a certain person is expressed by the number of choices the child makes, based on the maximum number of tasks aimed at identifying the corresponding attitude.
A pathogenic situation may develop in a family, causing a state of global family dissatisfaction. This is a sharp discrepancy between the individual's conscious or unconscious expectations of the family and the actual life of the family. Mental trauma of family etiology can be single or repeated, short or long.
Family anxiety refers to states of often poorly realized and poorly localized anxiety in both or one of the family members. To clarify these conditions, a technique is used "Typical family condition."
Within the general type of family with severe neuropsychic disorders, three subtypes are distinguished: unstable, constructive and destructive.
The first is characterized by a high neuropsychic load on the family as a whole, disruption of family relationships, and a decrease in the social status of the family. As a result, dissatisfaction, a pronounced feeling of anxiety and guilt arises in the family.
A constructive family knows the personal characteristics of an individual with neuropsychic disorders, finds significant reserves of influence on him, i.e. provides assistance.
A destructive family relieves neuropsychic tension through alienation from the individual.
A questionnaire is used to diagnose these family subtypes "Constructive-destructive family"(KDS).
Every family has normative ideas. Methodology "Normative Resistance"(NS) allows you to diagnose this phenomenon.
The technique includes a set of facts from the life of various families. Each such fact is printed on a separate card. The family member is invited to read all the cards and answer the question for himself: “If you knew this about a friend’s family, how would your attitude towards him change?” The cards are then ranked from the most “shameful” fact to the least “shameful”. If there are 12 or more cards on the left side, then there is normative resistance.
Test "Kinetic drawing of a family" proposed by R. Burns and S. Kaufman in 1972 to diagnose intrafamily relationships from the child’s point of view. To complete the drawing, they offer a standard blank sheet of paper, a 2M pencil, and an eraser. Additionally, you can offer colored pencils.
The protocol records the time of completion of the task, all questions and statements of the subject, the situation, corrections, etc.
The conversation after finishing the drawing includes questions like these:
1. Who is drawn in the picture?
2. What does each family member do?
3. Where are they located?
4. Are they having fun or are they bored?
5. Which of them is the happiest and why?
6. Who is the most unhappy, why?
In addition to asking questions, you can offer your child solutions to several situations to identify positive and negative relationships in the family:
1. Imagine that you have two tickets to the circus. Who would you invite to go with you?
2. Imagine that your whole family is going to visit, but one of you is sick and must stay home. Who is he?
3. You are building a house from a construction set (cutting out a paper dress for a doll), and it doesn’t work out. Who will you call for help?
4. You have N number of tickets (one less than family members) for an interesting film. Who will stay home?
5. Imagine that you are on a desert island. Who would you like to live there with?
6. You received an interesting lotto as a gift. The whole family sat down to play, but there are one more of you than necessary. Who won't play? [ 1 ].
Marriage Satisfaction Questionnaire(OUB), developed by V.V. Stalin, T.L. Romanova, G.P. Butenko, is intended for express diagnostics of the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with marriage, as well as the degree of agreement or disagreement with marriage in a particular social group.
The questionnaire is a one-dimensional scale consisting of 24 statements related to various areas: perceptions of oneself and a partner, opinions, assessments, attitudes, etc. Each statement has three possible answers: a) true; b) difficult to say; c) incorrect.
There are popular tests about jealousy, mutual understanding between spouses, etc. .
Practical social psychologists should know that in addition to municipal services, there are scientific centers for family research, whose experienced specialists are always able to provide assistance in establishing a diagnosis. In addition, conferences are held and magazines are published on family issues. All this creates conditions for increasing the effectiveness of socio-psychological diagnostics of family problems.
Literature
Main
Psychology of family relationships with the basics of family counseling. / Under. ed. E.G. Silyaeva. – M., 2002.
Family in psychological consultation /Under. reb. A.A. Bodaleva, V.V. Stolin. – M., 1989.
Systemic family psychotherapy (series “Workshop on psychotherapy”) / Ed. E.G. Eidemiller. – St. Petersburg, 2002.
Filipova Yu.V. Psychological foundations of working with families. – Yaroslavl, 2003.
Additional
Andreeva T.V. Psychology of the modern family. – St. Petersburg, 2005.
Andreeva T.V. Family psychology. – St. Petersburg, 2004.
Volkova A.N. Methodological techniques for diagnosing marital difficulties // Issues of psychology. 1985. No. 5.
Klyueva N.V. Psychologist and family: diagnostics, consultations, training. – Yaroslavl, 2002.
Loseva V.K. Drawing a family: Diagnosis of family relationships. – M., 1995.
Social and psychological research of the family according to the program of A.N. Volkova and T.M. Trapeznikova
Family structure analysis in the following areas:
- Socio-psychological and demographic characteristics of the family.
As research methods at this stage, use interviews and the method of document analysis. Describe the following parameters: length of marriage; the age of the spouses and the age difference; spouses' education and occupation; number and age of children; family budget (size and methods of distribution); living conditions.
- Analysispremaritalrelations.
As the main research methodology at this stage, use the retrospective report method, taking into account the following points: the duration of the acquaintance of the spouses before marriage; dating situation (at work, school, at a party, etc.); the emotional nature of the first impression of each other; duration of consideration of the marriage proposal; initiator of marriage.
Analysis of the family microenvironment.
As the main method for studying the microenvironment, use conversation - interviews. In this case, the microenvironment refers to the circle of people with whom family members interact most closely (close relatives, friends, work colleagues, etc.)
Accounting for the stage of family development.
At each stage of the family life cycle, specific problems and conflicts may arise. Their nature must be taken into account when conducting family diagnostics.
Assessing the level of well-being of marital relationships.
To assess the level of well-being of marital relationships, you can use a number of psychological techniques. The most well-known methods include the following: the method “Differential assessment of relations A.N. Volkova; scale of subjective marital satisfaction T.M. Trapeznikova; test – questionnaire of marital satisfaction V.V. Stolin and T.L. Romanova and others.
Assessment of individual phenomena of marital relationships can be carried out using the following techniques: the method “Role expectations and aspirations in marriage (ROP) by A.N. Volkova; test “The nature of interaction between spouses in conflict situations; T. Leary’s method for diagnosing interpersonal relationships, projective family drawing, etc.
Assessing parent-child relationships.
To assess the characteristics of parent-child relationships, you can use the following methods: parental relationship test questionnaire A.Ya. Varga and V.V. Stolin; PARY technique developed by V.S. Schaefer and R. C. Bell; Rene-Gilles technique and others.
2. Write a short essay on the topic: “Peculiarities of the functioning of my family”, based on the “McMasters Model” developed by Epstein and Bishop. And Levin.
The observation model proposed by psychologists is aimed at studying six aspects of family functioning. Describe each aspect of this model.
The family's ability to solve problems.
The ability of a family to solve problems is manifested in the following skills: the ability to recognize the problem and the possession of information about it by all participants; the ability to consider alternative ways to solve a problem and make a single decision; ability to implement a decision; the ability to verify the success of one’s actions and the ability to evaluate the result.
- Communications in the family characterized by two important features.
1. Openness or, on the contrary, camouflage of information exchanged between family members. For example, the proposal of one of the spouses “Let's go for a walk!” communication is open, and the expression “How about getting some fresh air?” - a more disguised option, as it allows for multiple interpretations.
2. Whether communication is direct or indirect. If the “message” is expressed precisely to the person to whom it relates, and is not transmitted to him indirectly, then we are dealing with direct communication and vice versa.
- Family roles. The family role structure includes the functions that a particular family performs; habitual patterns of behavior, rules for “attributing” roles to family members, establishing responsibility for various intrafamily events.
- Affective Responsiveness unites a group of emotional relationships.
- Affective involvement – this is the nature of the motivation that determines the individual’s attitude towards the family, his attachment to it (insufficient emotional involvement in the family, “narcissistic involvement, over-involvement, symbiotic relationship, etc.).
Behavior control – the way in which the family influences the behavior of its members, regulates it (rigid control, chaotic, flexible, etc.).
METHODS OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF FAMILY PROBLEMS
Social and psychological problems of the family can be reduced to three main groups: premarital (often the main determinants of marital problems), marital problems, problems of relationships between children and parents.
One of the main areas of work of a practical family psychologist is diagnostics; it allows you to obtain complete and reliable information about the relationships of family members at different stages of their lives.
Psychologists use various methods of socio-psychological diagnostics: survey, observation, experiment, sociometry method, methods of cross-sectional and longitudinal sections, quantitative and qualitative analysis of documents, testing.
Family diagnostics is a constantly present element in the work of a social teacher. Shakurova M.V. states: “given the complexity of the problems that the modern family is experiencing, the constant variability of its structure and characteristics, it is currently necessary to move from single diagnostic procedures to the implementation of socio-pedagogical monitoring of the family.” The author considers monitoring as a systematized form of family diagnostics.
Social and pedagogical monitoring of the family is a scientifically based system of periodic collection, generalization and analysis of socio-pedagogical information about the processes occurring in the family, and making strategic and tactical decisions on this basis.
Basic principles of monitoring: reliability, completeness, consistency of information; efficiency of obtaining information and its systematic updating; comparability of the data obtained, which is ensured by the unity of the selected positions in the collection and analysis of information; a combination of generalizing and differentiated assessments and conclusions.
The essence of socio-pedagogical monitoring of the family is the integrated use of all sources of data about the processes and events of family life, as of a natural nature (information offered by family members on their own initiative; direct and indirect observation, essays and graphic works of children about the family, etc. ), and those obtained in the course of a specially organized study (survey, questionnaire, method of expert assessments, biographical method, psychological methods for identifying indicators of intra-family relationships, etc.).
An important role in the implementation of social and pedagogical monitoring is played by the ability of a social teacher to systematize the collection of information and the results obtained.
2. Classification of psychodiagnostic methods for family diagnostics.
Currently, there are several fairly substantiated classifications of psychodiagnostic techniques, of which the most complete classification is presented by V. Stolin.
Firstly, there are diagnostic methods based on tasks that require a correct answer, or on tasks for which there are no correct answers. Diagnostic techniques of the second group consist of tasks that are characterized only by the frequency (direction) of a particular answer, but not by its correctness.
Secondly, a distinction is made between verbal and non-verbal psychodiagnostic techniques.
The first, one way or another, are mediated by the speech activity of the subjects; the components of these task techniques appeal to memory, imagination, and belief systems in their language-mediated form. The latter include the speech ability of the subjects only in terms of understanding instructions, while the task itself is based on non-verbal abilities - perceptual, motor.
The third basis used to classify psychodiagnostic tools is the characteristics of the basic methodological principle that underlies this technique.
On this basis they usually distinguish:
1) objective tests;
2) standardized self-reports:
a) questionnaire tests;
b) open questionnaires involving content analysis;
c) scale techniques and classification methods;
d) individually oriented techniques such as role repertoire grids;
3) projective techniques;
4) dialogical (interactive) techniques (conversations, interviews);
5) psychophysiological, instrumental techniques that involve psychological interpretation of behavioral indicators.
In advisory practice, a diagnostic examination of a child’s interpersonal relationships with parents, a specialist, as a rule, pays attention to the following four aspects:
· current interpersonal relationships between the child and parents.
· their history, especially at critical points of ontogenesis.
· interpersonal relationships through the eyes of their participants – children and parents.
· objectively recorded interpersonal relationships (children and parents) through the eyes of a psychologist.
All available methods for diagnosing child-parent relationships A.G. Leaders suggested dividing into:
1. intended for children only,
2. intended for parents only,
3. equally suitable for examining children and examining parents,
4. methods that have separate subtests or tasks for parents and for children, correlated with each other,
5. techniques designed for the interacting parent-child dyad.
This arrangement of techniques by A.G. Leaders presents it in the form of a diagram:
Fig. 1 Typology of methods used to diagnose parent-child relationships.
The above diagram represents a typological space that organizes all the methods used to diagnose parent-child relationships. Let us indicate the main methods used in relation to the diagram above.
I. Techniques offered to the child may include:
1. Projective technique “Family Drawing” and its modifications and variations. Often used in diagnostics due to the ease of implementation and interpretation of results. Children's drawings are multifaceted in content. This is very clearly manifested when studying the intrafamily climate and the nature of interpersonal relationships. The peculiarity of drawing tests is that the child does not need to verbalize the characteristics of these relationships, but simply depict them.
2. An adapted version of Rene Gilles’ technique. R. Gilles’ technique in an adapted version by I.N. Gilyasheva and N.D. Ignatieva (“Interpersonal Relationships of a Child,” 1994) is intended to study the social adjustment of a child, the characteristics of his interpersonal relationships, some behavioral characteristics and personality traits. According to domestic authors, this technique can be used for children aged 4-5 years and up to 11-12 years, and with mental retardation or mild mental retardation at an older age. The advantage of this technique is that it is a visual-verbal projective technique. The illustrative material of the method consists of 42 tasks, which are 25 pictures with a short text explaining the depicted scene, situation, and a question addressed to the subject, as well as 17 test tasks. In accordance with the instructions, the child is asked to choose a place for himself among the people depicted, or to identify himself with a character occupying one or another place in the group. Using the answers, you can obtain information about the child’s attitude towards the people around him and find out the characteristic variations of his behavior in some typical situations.
3. Various options for the “Incomplete Sentences” technique.
4. Modification of the self-assessment technique.
5. Children's apperception test. The children's apperception test CAT is designed to study the characteristics of a child's interpersonal relationships To significant loved ones (parents, sisters, brothers and others). This test can also be used to study a child's personality characteristics, needs and motives. Stimulus material is presented in the form of pictures of people or animals. They are shown to subjects with a request to describe what is happening there and compose a story. The choice of pictures presented to the child depends on the problems that he suffers from.
6. Children's test “Emotional relationships in the family” by E. Bene-Anthony. The Family Relationship Test (FRT) is a projective method for studying the interpersonal relationships of children with loved ones, created by D. Anthony, E. Binet. The standard version of the Family Relations Test consists of two parts. The first part contains figures of people representing family members and cards with various evaluative statements. Among the figures is a figure called Mister Nobody. There are 19 of all figures. The second part of the test is a standard set of cards on which various statements are written, reflecting the relationship between the child and his family members.
7. Questionnaire of emotional relationships in the family of E. I. Zakharova.
II. Methods offered to parents.
1. Anamnestic questionnaire, i.e. collection of primary information, the so-called psychological history.
2. Parent essay “The life story of my child.” The “Life History” technique is an auxiliary diagnostic tool with the help of which it is possible to clarify the main problem that worries a particular parent and the nature of his subjective experiences about this. The psychologist turns to each parent with a request to state in writing the problems that concern him.
3. Varga-Stolin Parental Relationship Questionnaire. The Parental Attitude Questionnaire (PAT) is a psychodiagnostic tool aimed at identifying the attitude of parents towards children of senior preschool and primary school age. Parental attitude is understood as a system of various feelings towards the child, behavioral stereotypes practiced in communication with him, features of perception and understanding of the child’s character, personality and actions.
4. The questionnaire “Teenagers about their parents” shows the attitudes and styles of parenting as they are seen by children of teenage and high school age.
5. Questionnaire of parental educational behavior style E.G. Eidemiller (1996). This projective drawing test allows us to identify the subject’s position in the system of interpersonal relationships and determine the nature of communication in the family. The subject is presented with a form with a circle with a diameter of 100 mm drawn on it, and instructions are given. The criteria by which the results are assessed are the following:
1) the number of family members within the circle area;
2) the size of the circles;
3) the location of the circles relative to each other;
4) the distance between them.
6. Shafer PARI Parental Attitudes and Reactions Inventory. The PARI technique, literally meaning “Parental Attitudes and Attitudes Research Instrument,” is designed to study the most general principles and models of parenting used by parents, as well as intra-family relationships. The methodology includes 115 statements related to raising children and family life. All statements are ranked accordingly into 23 scales. Judgments are arranged in a certain sequence. The respondent must express his attitude towards them in the form of active or partial agreement or disagreement.
III. Methods offered independently to both children and parents.
1. Questionnaire for studying the interaction of parents with children I. Markovskaya.
2. Self-assessment method in the version when, for example, parents carry out an assessment of the child and an assessment for the child, and then there is a discussion of its difference from the assessment received from the child himself and vice versa.
3. Methodology “Diagnostics of the content of communication between children and close adults” T.Yu. Andrushchenko and G.M. Shashlova. It takes place in the form of a conversation, where the psychologist offers statements-inspirations for visual activity on a standard form (shading, color, etc.), and by analyzing the resulting images draws conclusions about the nature of the child’s experience of relationships with the adults around him.
IV. Methods offered to the child-parent dyad.
1. Variants of the technique, known under the general name “Architect-Builder,” where the child and the parent try, for example, to verbally in dialogue describe a fairly complex drawing invisible to the partner so that the partner can reproduce it correctly.
V. Methods that are equally suitable for both children (teenagers) and adults.
1. Etkind's color relationship test.
2. Methodology “Model of the personal sphere”.
VI - VII. A technique aimed at identifying the characteristics of parent-child relationships in the past through the eyes of the parent and the eyes of the child, respectively.
1. Parent essay. Can also be used at the information gathering stage. The basic topics are usually “Me and my child”, “Me as a parent”. The analysis is carried out on the basis of the content, as well as the behavior of the parent at the time of completing the task and other formal indicators.
In diagnosing child-parent relationships, other methods not described above can be used. For example, modifications and variations of the Luscher Color Test. However, when applying each specific technique to a child, the specialist must take into account the child’s age and the peculiarities of his perception of the surrounding reality.
In general, a variety of methods can help to comprehensively examine a family for parent-child relationships, however, it should be noted that the specific use of various methods in children can be difficult due to the age of the subject. Therefore, first of all, the task of a teacher or psychologist working with a family should include analyzing the possibility of using this specific technique for this particular child. The most important thing, in this situation, is to be able to explain the specifics of the diagnosis to parents and provide them with complete information about the methodology used. However, if the procedure requires the absence of a parent during the examination, then the psychologist must also discuss this with the parents in advance.
Working with a child requires from a specialist not only high professionalism as a specialist, but also as a person - a high degree of readiness to explain and help (within the limits of what is permissible), since the child, due to his age, may experience difficulties in performing one or another task. Diagnosis of child-parent relationships does not aim to draw parallels with the child’s degree of learning (it does not consider the parent as a teacher). The methods used by a psychologist can help to understand the child’s vision of his parents, and the parents’ vision of their own child.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"NOVOSIBIRSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY"
DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY AND HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
ABSTRACT
METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
Checked:
Borodina Victorina Nikolaevna
Cand. psychological sciences, associate professor
Caf. Personality psychology and specialties. psychology
NOVOSIBIRSK 2015
SPECIFICITY OF FAMILY DIAGNOSTICS
Family diagnosis- this is an assessment of the family system from the point of view of disorders that result in somatic or neurotic disorders in one of the family members. There are different diagnostic methods: projective, blank, play, etc. There are different directions in family therapy (strategic, structural, dynamic, behavioral, etc.) and each of them has its own approaches to family diagnosis.
One of the tasks of the psychology of marriage and family relations is to rebuild the personality and eliminate harmful negative psychological factors, as well as to help the individual independently resolve a difficult situation for him in order to facilitate the achievement of emotional maturity, which will make it possible to make independent decisions and take responsibility for them. implementation. Based on this, the creation of a methodology for diagnosing family relationships, as well as forecasting the development of these relationships, is of particular importance.
METHODS FOR RESEARCHING FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
family diagnostics psychology marital
Diagnostics of relationships between young people during the premarital period
The nature of premarital courtship makes it possible to identify the origins of those difficulties that can directly or indirectly manifest themselves at any stage of the life cycle.
Tests used by psychologists in practice can be divided into two groups:
· the first one allows us to study boys’ and girls’ assessment of themselves as future spouses and parents;
· the second - aimed at the optimal selection of couples for acquaintance and potential marriage, helps to predict marital relationships in the future.
Methods for diagnosing marital relationships
Methods for studying the characteristics of communication and relationships in a married couple. Communication between spouses is the basis of family well-being and includes a very important function - it helps a person provide personal comfort to himself and his loved ones. Communication makes it possible to manifest one of the most important marital roles - psychotherapeutic.
Communication and relationships between spouses in prosperous families are characterized by openness, intimacy, trust in each other, a high level of mutual sympathy, constructiveness, reflexivity, flexible, democratic distribution of roles in the family, moral and emotional support.
Features of the distribution of family roles, expectations and aspirations in marriage, and the compatibility of a married couple are studied using special techniques.
· Questionnaire “Communication in the Family”(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya) includes 48 questions, measures the trust of communication in a married couple, similarity of views, commonality of symbols, mutual understanding of spouses, ease and psychotherapeutic nature of communication.
· Projective test “Family sociogram”(E. G. Eidemiller) is aimed at diagnosing the nature of communications in the family.
The subjects are given a form with a drawn circle with a diameter of 110 mm. Instructions: “On the sheet in front of you there is a circle. Draw yourself and your family members in it in the form of circles and sign them with their names.” Family members carry out this task without consulting each other.
The following criteria are proposed for assessing the results of psychodiagnostics:
1) the number of family members within the circle area;
2) the size of the circles;
3) the location of the circles relative to each other;
4) the distance between them.
Using a “family sociogram” allows you to visualize the relationships between family members in a matter of minutes in a “here and now” situation during a consultation or a family psychotherapy session, and then discuss what happened
· Methodology “Role expectations and claims in marriage”(A.N. Volkova) reveals spouses’ ideas about the importance of certain roles in family life, as well as their desired distribution between husband and wife.
The method “Role expectations and aspirations in marriage” contains 36 statements in each version (male and female) and consists of 7 scales. Spouses are asked to independently familiarize themselves with a set of statements corresponding to their gender and express their attitude to each statement using the following answer options: “I completely agree,” “In general, this is true,” “This is not entirely true,” “This is incorrect.” The “ROP” technique allows you to determine the subjective value, as well as the role expectations and claims of spouses regarding the implementation of the following family functions:
Intimate-sexual function;
Function of personal identification with the spouse;
Household function;
Parent-educational;
Social activity;
Emotional therapeutic function;
External attractiveness of the partner
· Family Environment Scale (FES)
The Family Environment Scale (FES) is designed to assess the social climate in families of all types. It is based on the original Family Environmental Scale (FES) methodology, proposed by R. H. Moos in 1974. The SES focuses on measuring and describing: A) relationships between family members (relationship indicators), B) areas of personal growth that are given special importance in the family value (indicators of personal growth), B) the basic organizational structure of the family (indicators governing the family system).
· Methodology “Distribution of roles in the family”(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya).
Determines the degree to which a husband and wife fulfill a particular role: responsible for the financial support of the family, owner (mistress) of the house, responsible for raising children, organizer of family subculture, entertainment, sexual partner, psychotherapist.
· Methodology “Typical family condition”(E. G. Eidemiller, V. V. Justitskis).
Allows us to identify the most typical state of an individual in his own family: satisfactory - unsatisfactory; neuropsychic stress; family anxiety.
Methods for studying family leisure, interests and values.
The spiritual interaction of partners, their spiritual compatibility, manifests itself at the sociocultural level of marital relations. This is a commonality of value orientations, life goals, motivation, social behavior, interests, needs, as well as a commonality of views on family leisure. It is known that the similarity of interests, needs, values, etc. is one of the factors of marital compatibility and stability of marriage.
· Questionnaire “Measuring attitudes in a married couple”(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman)
The questionnaire makes it possible to explore the views of respondents on the ten most significant areas of life in family interaction.
Both purely “family” issues and the respondent’s position regarding general problems are considered (for example, the idea of people in general or the alternative between a sense of duty and the desire for pleasure).
· Self-Actualization Test (CAT)(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya) was developed on the basis of Shostrom’s Personal Orientation Questionnaire (POI) and is used individually and in groups for research purposes, as well as in individual cases of correctional work; allows you to determine value orientations, behavioral flexibility, self-sensitivity, self-esteem and self-acceptance.
Methods of studying morality-psychologicalnatural foundations of marital relations.
The large number of divorces indicates that family dysfunction remains one of the most pressing social problems. Conventionally, among them there are conflict, crisis, problem (V.A. Sysenko), as well as neurotic (E.G. Eidemiller). In each of these families there are constant areas where the interests, needs, intentions and desires of the spouses come into conflict, giving rise to especially strong and lasting negative emotions. In such cases, they speak of a negative psychological climate of the family, which is based on the moral and psychological factors of marital relations.
A practical psychologist, starting to study the moral and psychological foundations of marital relations, can use tests that diagnose marital conflicts, marital satisfaction, and its stability.
· Scaleand Burgess
The technique contains 2 subscales. The first of them allows you to evaluate and identify the most significant features of marital relationships for the subject (feelings, understanding of each other, prevailing values). The second scale involves each partner assessing each other’s personal shortcomings. The totality of scores on both subscales allows us to determine the level of adaptability of spouses to the existing family and marital relationships.
Extremely maladapted;
Undoubtedly unfit;
Unfit;
Uncertain;
More or less adapted;
Adapted;
Undoubtedly adapted;
Well adapted.
There is no Russian-language adaptation of the questionnaire
· Shkala subjectivemarital satisfaction(T.M. Trapeznikova)
The methodology contains 5 points, each of which is assessed on a 10-point scale:
Strength of marriage;
Subjective feeling of happiness;
Fulfilling the expectations of social groups;
Full development of the personality of spouses in marriage;
Achieving family integration.
· Methodology “The nature of interaction between spouses in conflict situations”(Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman).
It makes it possible to characterize the examined family according to a number of parameters: the most conflicting areas of family relationships, the degree of agreement (disagreement) in conflict situations, the level of conflict in the couple. The technique allows us to identify the characteristics of spouses’ reactions in 8 areas of conflict situations:
Problems in relationships with relatives and friends;
Issues related to raising children;
Demonstrating a desire for autonomy;
Violation of role expectations;
Mismatch of norms of behavior;
Displays of dominance;
Manifestations of jealousy;
Differences in attitudes towards money.
· Wiesbaden Family Relations Questionnaire(WIPPF).
The technique was developed to determine abilities or mechanisms for responding to conflicts in family relationships. The methodology contains 27 scales reflecting behavioral characteristics in frustrating situations of family life.
LIST OF SOURCES USED
1. Andreeva T.V. Family psychology: Textbook. allowance. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2004. - 244 p.
2. Artamonova Psychology of family relationships with the basics of family counseling M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002.
3. Volkova A.N. Methodological techniques for diagnosing marital difficulties // Questions of psychology. 1985. No. 5. pp. 110 - 116.
4. Navaitis G.A. Experience in psychological counseling of marital conflicts // Psychological Journal. - 1983. - T.4, No. 3
5. Raigorodsky D. Ya. Psychology of the family. Textbook for faculties of psychology, sociology, economics and journalism. -Samara: Publishing House “BAKHRAH-M”. 2002. -752 s
6. Filippova Yu.V. Psychological foundations of working with families. Textbook, Yaroslavl 2003
7. Eidemiller E. G., Dobryakov I. V., Nikolskaya I. M. Family diagnosis and family psychotherapy. Textbook for doctors and psychologists. - St. Petersburg: Rech, 2006, 352 p.
Posted on Allbest.ru
Similar documents
The concept of family and marriage. Sexual, spiritual, material needs of spouses. Features of family relations in Russia. Methods for studying the characteristics of the distribution of family roles, expectations and claims in marriage, compatibility of a married couple.
course work, added 07/09/2015
The concept of family relationships. Areas of family relationships and types of family relationships. The role of family relationships in the development and upbringing of a child. Negative emotional state arising from unresolved personal problems, the emergence of conflicts.
abstract, added 03/24/2012
Identification of the role of expectations and claims in the development of marital and family relations. Main and secondary motives for marriage. Family role structure and factors that have an unfavorable impact on it. Research methodology A.N. Volkova.
course work, added 03/19/2011
Phenomenology and conceptualization of the family, Functions, structure and dynamics. Diagnosis of family relationships and factors of marital stability. Causes of family disorders, Methods of psychotherapy and correction of family relationships, compatibility of spouses.
course work, added 11/30/2009
Gender characteristics of socio-psychological status after divorce. Reasons for remarriage. Formation and development of family relationships in remarriage. Empirical study of the characteristics of relationships in remarriage, analysis of the results.
thesis, added 10/17/2010
Studying aspects of family life as interpersonal relationships. Determining the consistency of family values and role attitudes in a married couple. Psychological support program for young couples. Psychodiagnostics and practical recommendations for families.
thesis, added 08/04/2014
Family relationships as an indicator of the development of anxiety in primary school age. The concept of family relationships. Types of family relationships. Causes of anxiety in families with children of primary school age.
course work, added 12/06/2006
The period of premarital courtship is the most difficult psychologically and pedagogically of all stages of married life, its specifics and main stages, main goals and objectives. Choosing a life partner, its factors and criteria, role in favorable family relationships.
abstract, added 03/23/2011
The concept of family as a system. Basics of developing relationships in the family. Modern family forms. Features of marriage and family relations. Experience in researching intrafamily relationships in domestic and foreign psychology. Violation of the communication process.
course work, added 10/24/2011
Analysis of problems of love in psychology. Periods of formation of a married couple. The influence of premarital factors that prompted young people to enter into a family union on the strength of marriage. Classification of family conflicts. Determining the degree of marital satisfaction.
When working with families, the following methods are used: survey, observation, experiment, sociometry method, cross-sectional and longitudinal section methods, quantitative and qualitative analysis of documents, testing.
The main difficulties in diagnostic work with a specific married couple who have certain problems are determined by the essence of the family as a small social group, this entails the specificity of the existence of various types of interpersonal relationships. The variability of the data directly depends on the composition of the family, since each member will be both an object and a subject of family interaction. For a psychodiagnostician, it is also difficult to take a comprehensive and at the same time differentiated approach to the family as a whole and to each of its members individually. The very structure of interpersonal relationships in a family is diverse and mainly depends on the role assigned to each family member. The main task of diagnosis is to highlight this feature and identify the specific implementation by family members.
The planning of a psychodiagnostic study and the method of interpreting the results are also influenced by the theoretical views of the researcher himself. A.N. Volkova and T.M. Trapeznikova point out that “collecting information presupposes that the consultant has a certain model of family and marriage, and possible sources of their destabilization. The consultant's conceptual guidelines serve to organize the information received from the client. However, the theory of family and marriage is still far from complete. This leads to significant differences in the methods and nature of the information collected, its interpretation and use.” Therefore, a brief rationale for the choice of methods when planning a diagnostic study of a married couple is necessary.
When planning a diagnostic examination of a married couple, in addition to the points already mentioned, it is also necessary to take into account the following: 1) socio-psychological characteristics of the family; 2) the history of the married couple; 3) family structure and role interaction; 4) features of the emotional relationships of spouses; 5) the typical nature of conflicts; 6) family microenvironment; 7) stage of marriage.
Methods used in diagnosis must meet the following criteria: 1) be fairly simple to process; 2) be accessible to the understanding of the subjects; 3) do not require much time to complete; 4) be related to the main topic of counseling; 5) if possible, give maximum information with a minimum number of tests. It is necessary to establish a trusting relationship with the couple and ensure the confidentiality of both the examination itself and the results and conclusions obtained in accordance with the professional and ethical standards of a diagnostic psychologist. The selection of methods for diagnosing relationships in a married couple depends on the goals and objectives of the study.
The “Typical Family State” method (E.G. Eidemiller, I.V. Yustikis) allows you to identify the most typical state of an individual in his own family: satisfactory - unsatisfactory; neuropsychic stress; family anxiety. The technique consists of 21 statements, the results are interpreted on three scales: 1) guilt subscale; 2) anxiety subscale; 3) tension subscale.
The PEA questionnaire (understanding, emotional attraction, authority - author A.N. Volkova, modification by V.I. Slepkova) is designed to diagnose three relationship phenomena: understanding the partner, emotional attractiveness of the partner, respect for the partner. Each scale contains 15 questions. The understanding scale allows us to judge whether the client has an image of a partner that allows him to behave adequately towards him. Emotional attractiveness is measured by a number of projective questions that allow one to judge attraction to a partner and acceptance of his personal manifestations. The respect scale allows you to judge the degree of authority, significance, and referentiality of a spouse in the eyes of another.
The Marriage Satisfaction Test Questionnaire (V.V. Stolin, G.P. Butenko, T.L. Romanova) is intended for express diagnostics of the degree of satisfaction - dissatisfaction, as well as agreement - mismatch of marital satisfaction in a particular married couple. Questionnaires are used individually in advisory practice and in the process of researching a particular social group.
The “Spouses’ Reaction to Conflict” technique (A.S. Kocharyan, G.S. Kocharyan, A.V. Kirichuk) is aimed at diagnosing the spouses’ perception and understanding of each other and the conflict situation, and individually specific defensive patterns of spouses are also diagnosed. The questionnaire consists of 89 statements, which are combined into 8 scales: unconstructive attitudes towards marriage, depression, protective mechanisms, defensive mechanisms, aggression, somatization of anxiety, fixation on psychological trauma, control scale.
Methods of diagnosis and psychological assistance for children primarily depend on the age of the child. To the main diagnostic methods, one should also add such methods as play therapy, art therapy and fairy tale therapy.
Game therapy is a method of psychotherapeutic influence on children and adults using games. The methodology is based on the recognition that play has a strong influence on personal development. The game helps create warm relationships between group members, relieves tension, stress, anxiety, fear, increases self-esteem, allows you to test yourself in various communication situations, removing the danger of socially significant consequences. During play therapy, an individual can demonstrate his negative attitudes, express his fear or anger towards family members or significant others. Freedom to speak and express one's thoughts and feelings, make decisions, recognize oneself and others, allows a person to regain adequate self-esteem and restore his vitality.
The main goal of art therapy is the harmonious development of personality through the development of abilities of self-expression and self-knowledge. The main technique of art therapy is active imagination, which is aimed at bringing the conscious and unconscious face to face. One of the possible corrective mechanisms can be the creative process itself as a study of reality, the knowledge of new aspects previously hidden from the researcher and the creation of a product that embodies these relationships. Art therapy provides an outlet for internal conflicts and strong emotions, helps to interpret repressed experiences, discipline the group, increase the client’s self-esteem, and help the person become aware of his sensations and feelings. Paints, pencils, and plasticine are used as materials for art therapy. Art therapy can be used both individually and in group form/
Fairytale therapy is a method that uses the fairy tale form to integrate personality, develop creative abilities, expand consciousness, and improve interactions with the outside world. Fairytale therapy performs three functions: diagnostic, therapeutic (corrective) and prognostic.
