The population of Yakutia is 955.6 thousand people, of which about half are indigenous people. The majority are Yakuts, the rest are small peoples. We present to your attention a selection of clothing from some of the small peoples of Yakutia.
For northerners, deer is not only the main mount and source of food, but also a valuable “supplier” of materials for clothing. Since ancient times, winter clothes were made from deer skins, and summer clothes were made from rovduga (dressed deer skin). Nowadays, traditional clothes are mostly worn either during festivals or combined with modern clothes.
It should also be pointed out that today’s national clothing of the northern peoples is very different from the traditional one. This is due not only to the appearance of new materials in everyday use, but also to the strengthening of interethnic contacts, as a result of which there was an exchange of clothing parts. For example, Even reindeer herders now prefer either solid outerwear (like the Chukchi or Koryaks) or fur jackets with pockets and turn-down collars (like the Yakuts).
According to Evdokia Bokova, an Even poetess, melodist and collector of Even folklore, “not so long ago, Even men’s and women’s clothing was the same and the difference was mainly in the quantity and nature of decorations.” Men's aprons were decorated modestly, while women's aprons were decorated with fur fringe, fur tassels, metal pendants, etc.
The bearer of Even culture, a native of the Allaikhovsky ulus, Maxim Dutkin.
The peoples of the North have long used beads to decorate clothing and household items. There is evidence that in pre-revolutionary Russia, a whole deer was given for a small number of beads. The art of beadwork among the indigenous peoples of the North is passed down from generation to generation. Northern craftswomen decorate clothes, high fur boots, hats, and even deer and reindeer sledges with beaded patterns in combination with cloth, leather, and fur.
The smallest and most everyday items of clothing and household items amaze with the richness and complexity of ornamental bead embroidery.
Ornaments showed social and age differences, and some decorative elements served as something like calendars. The jewelry also had a ritual meaning - it was believed that the ringing of metal pendants scared away evil spirits and protected the owner.
“...the incessant ringing of trinkets accompanies every movement of the Lamut girl...”
Olsufiev A.V. General outline of the Anadyr region, its economic condition
and life of the population. - St. Petersburg: Printing house of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1896. - P. 135.
Like all peoples, each ornament has its own meaning. One of the most famous patterns is “checkerboard”. It means deer paths. The patterns are also based on images of the horns of a bighorn sheep or deer, traces of various animals, etc.
Dolgan delegation at the gathering of reindeer herders (Yakutsk, 2013)
The Dolgan people developed in the 19th - early 20th centuries. from the Evenks, Yakuts, local Evenks, individual Enets families and the so-called tundra peasants who migrated from the Lena and Olenyok rivers. The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, published at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, notes that “some of the Yakuts moved to the Yenisei province, to the Turukhansk region, where they managed to completely embrace the Dolgans - a small Tungus tribe, just like the Russians, abandoned to the far corners of the Yakut region." V.V. Ushnitsky in his work “Tungus clans of Yakutia in the 17th century: questions of origin and ethnicity” writes:
“There are two points of view on the issue of the origin of the Dolgans. The first is that the Dolgans are an independent ethnic group by origin, with their own independent culture and language, and the second is that the Dolgans are one of the groups of northern Yakut reindeer herders. The historical figure of Dygynchi, the prince of the Dolgans, deserves attention. He is also mentioned on Yan as the prince of the “Yukaghirs”. Apparently, the Dolgans fled to Yana to the Yukaghirs. His image entered the folklore of the northern Yakut reindeer herders under the name Darinchi; his son Yungkeebil already lived and acted on Olenka.”
Colorful Russian scarves have been very popular here since Soviet times and look very harmonious against the backdrop of northern ornaments.
The Chukchi of Yakutia show off their outfits.
Various natural dyes are used to color tanned leather. For example, an infusion of alder bark or dust.
Evenkiyka Dutkina Vera Aleksandrovna. She comes from the Tomsk region and came to Yakutia back in the 70s. Vera Alexandrovna said that the apron she was showing belonged to her grandmother.
One of the most common ways of decorating clothes, shoes, hats, and household items among the indigenous peoples of the North is fur mosaic. Compositions of pieces of fur contrasting in color, sewn together, are cut out by hand or according to a template in the form of stripes, diamonds, triangles, circles and other geometric shapes.
Traditional summer clothes are made from rovduga, but since dressing skins is quite a labor-intensive task, and they weigh a lot, now many dance groups use either fabric or factory-made suede instead of tanned leather.
Evenki singer Sinilga
The state costume is largely determined by factors such as setting, history, and culture. For example, in cold countries natural soft gold is used as parts. Often there are national ornaments embroidered on fabric, perhaps religious symbols. Nowadays, the national costume is worn during national holidays and festivities and for the performance of national dances and songs.
Republic of Sakha: territorial location, climate, history, culture
Currently, it is part of the Russian Federation, in the Far Eastern Federal District. The climate there is harsh, northern, with short summers and long winters, during which the air temperature can drop to 50 degrees below zero. This factor explains the use of fur and leather in the costume. As a people, the Yakuts (they are no Sakha or Sakhalar) descended from the Tungus, Paleo-Asians, Mongol- and Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes. For this reason, the details of the national costume contain the traditional rudiments of clothing of other nationalities. In ancient times, the Yakuts professed a religion called Aiyy. Even now, their tradition is to celebrate the triumph of Ysyakh, where the Aiyy Gods are glorified, shamans are present and throat rulada is used.
Samples of the first national costumes
It is believed that the history of traditional Sakha clothing begins in the 13th century. For that matter, animal furs and skins and coarse homespun wool were used for warmth. The robe was decorated with national ornaments, which were applied to the material by embroidery. When the Yakuts mastered cattle breeding, domestic ferrets became the main material. The costume was also decorated with it, for example, sleeves or collars were sewn on. In addition, the clothes were also decorated with velvet. The tangalay costume is considered one of the most ancient. He imagined the face of a product made of rawhide with fur inserts in the upper part of the sleeve. Grace was decorated with metal decorations and had slits on the sides. At the moment they don’t wear such a suit anymore.
Modern cut intention
The Yakut national costume has several traditional tailoring elements. A particularly popular cut is called “onooloooh, buuktaah”, and includes the following elements:
- Buuk sleeve. Lush, loose, with occasional ruching.
- "Onoo." These are the folds on the back of the suit.
Until now, one cut is “kytyylaakh”. Its peculiarity is the presence of wide stripes of cloth material on the sides of the suit. Cumaceous color is often used when decorating.
National costume for adults
When sewing clothes for women, practical and natural fabrics are used, such as, for example, satin and chintz. Silk and notebook are used to create festive attire. Women's national costume involves decoration with embroidery, beads and fur ornaments.
Traditionally, the fair sex wore a large amount of jewelry. Metal or beaded hoops with links falling along the face were put on the head. The hair was also decorated - the braid was called sukhuokh, in other words kiiste, and was fastened with straps made of rawhide. The famous chest piece of pride is the kebihar ilisurekh pendant, shaped like a cross. During production, techniques such as blackening and gilding were used. The large number of decorations expressed respect for the woman as the continuer of the family line; in addition, some of them played the role of amulets and talismans.
Women's wool is called sanyah. It is made from fox, sable and wolf fur. The wedding version is decorated with a fur pattern in the form of bird wings.
The completed wedding costume included the following elements: a face veil - annah, a rawhide shirt, natazniks - trousers, leggings - leggings from the knee to the ankle, doha - fur clothing with a pattern of wings, diabaka - a headdress with a protrusion on the top, small) somewhat reminiscent of a military helmet. Of course, a large amount of jewelry was included with the wedding attire: on the head, neck, and arms.
The Yakut efficient national costume looked much more modest than women's. There was always a fur trim on the collar and cuffs. It differed in the volume and height of the pile. Traditional patterns were embroidered along the edges of the hem, sleeves, as well as along the sides of fur coats and capes, often in blue, beige or brown. The male headdress was shaped like a military helmet. It was made from natural fur. Thanks to the ties, the neck and ears were convincingly protected from wind and frost. Some hats were decorated with ears, something symbolizing a connection with the cosmos and the Universe. Another decorative element was a full crescent or the sun, which meant continuation of the family. Also, hats were sometimes decorated with lush fur tails on the top.
Like they put on your feet
Shoes for both men and women were high boots - thousand etherbes. They were made from the skin of the shin of a deer - kamus, and stitched with felt. It was only in such shoes that one could feel comfortable in frosts down to 50 degrees above zero. Another option is a torbaza. Such shoes were made from cloth and leather and lined with felt and wool. She trimmed herself with the fur of a red fox, a silver fox, or perhaps a beaver. The most popular shoe colors: gray, beige, chestnut, black. Of course, the women's version was decorated with beads, embroidery, and fur patterns.
Summer shoes were called terehe and were shortened boots.
Yakut children's national costume
Almost completely copied the clothes of adults. The Yakut national costume for a girl was a smaller copy of the clothing of an adult Yakut woman. Children also wore mismatched jewelry made of metal, beads, and fur.
The Yakut national costume for a boy was also no different from the attire of an adult man. Fur trim and modest embroidery are the components of the costume of a small Yakut.
Ritual clothing
For the sake of communication with spirits, the Yakuts were responsible for a special person - a shaman. His clothing was different from the costumes of ordinary people, and some of its details could have a special ritual meaning. For example, many costumes were decorated with fringe, reminiscent of plumage, along the sleeves and on the back. This design symbolized a bird. By putting on such a costume, the shaman was able to “fly” and communicate with other worlds. Minus the fringe, to identify oneself with a bird, their images were applied to the robe itself and used as pendants. These were mainly loon, crane, eagle and duck. The main material for tailoring was a stallion with the wool facing out. The shaman's head croak deserves special attention. The material was the skin from the head of a stallion, on which the ears and mane were left. Such a headdress was not decorated in any way; ordinary servants could not wear it.
Yakut folk costume today
The Yakuts dress in traditional clothes on national holidays. Samples of everyday and festive traditional clothing can also be seen in historical museums. The photo of the Yakut national costume can only be seen in our article. Today, a much larger range of fabrics and different styles are used. However, it is often possible to encounter traditional elements of the national costume: for example, modern wedding clothing and a diabach headdress. Show-offs from Yakutia, both made of precious metals and beads, are famous all over the world (the technique of working with the latter is passed down from mother to daughter in some families). Modern Yakut designers are often inspired by elements of the national costume and use them to create modern models.
Subject : National clothes of the peoples of Yakutia
Goals:
To identify the characteristics of the national composition of the indigenous population of Yakutia, to introduce them to national clothing.
UUD:
Personal: respect for the cultural identity of the peoples inhabiting the republic, as the most important condition for the development of dialogue between cultures and the resolution of contradictions;
Regulatory: formation of logical actions of students through the development of the following mental operations: specific comparison, analysis, synthesis, classification, generalization, proof (using the example of national clothing);
Cognitive: mastery and use of special conceptual apparatus,
Communicative: Participate in group work to decorate the mitten.
Equipment: physical map of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), national costumes of the Yakuts, Evenkis, dolls in national Yakut and Evenki clothes, high boots, hat, presentation “National clothes of the peoples of Yakutia”, dictionary of terms, national Evenki dishes (Deer heart salad, deer liver, flatbread "Tupa"), phonograms with Yakut motifs.
Progress of the lesson.
I ) Org. moment. (Yakut tunes sound)
I propose to take an ornament in the form of a sun as a symbol of the activity.
This drawing has been preserved by almost all peoples of the globe from the Stone Age to this day. It shows the worship of the Sakha peoples before the sun and is therefore depicted in many objects.
Let the relations between all the peoples inhabiting our Northern country be as warm as the sun.
II ) Communicating the topic, setting goals.
Read the topic of our lesson.
What we will do?
(We will find out what indigenous nationalities inhabit our Republic, get acquainted with national clothing, learn new words, in pairs, working together, we will decorate the mittens with patterns).
III ) Educational and cognitive activities
1) My Republic.
My Yakutia is a spacious region of Russia.
And he spread out, mighty and wide, -
With green taiga and dark blue sea, -
Far, far away in the northeast.
The population of Yakutia is 1 million people. Representatives of 80 nationalities live here. The mixture of different cultures and ways of life creates a special flavor of the northern region. Residents of Yakutia respect every nation and all religions. People living here have warm feelings for the harsh but beautiful northern region. And guests are always welcome.
My dear Yakutia
our hearts are attached to you,
and there is no land dearer to us
and there is no warmer earth for us!
The blizzard sings in the snowy winter
fog swirls over the taiga
And I am so sincere, so tender
I love my native Yakut region!
Thank you happy chance
what brought you and me here!
There are probably better places,
but this one is dear to us to tears!
2) Indigenous peoples of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Among the large number of nationalities there are representatives of the indigenous peoples of the Republic of Sakha.
A people is a group of people who are united by common characteristics: language, customs, traditions.
Indigenous people are people who have lived on these lands since ancient times.
The indigenous peoples of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) include:
Dolgans
Yukaghirs
3) National clothing of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia.
Clothing is a collection of items covering the human body. We call clothing of a particular nationality national clothing. Different nations have their own national costumes.
The main examples of the national costume of the peoples of the North were formed in ancient times. Necessary to protect the body, clothing was adapted to natural climatic conditions and corresponded to a person’s lifestyle. Geography of settlement, natural and climatic conditions of life, occupation - all this was reflected in the variety and design of clothing.
Yakuts.
The national clothing of the Yakuts consists of a single-breasted caftan (son), fur in winter, cow or horse hide with the hair inside, short leather pants (syaya), and fur socks (keenche) in summer. Later, fabric shirts with a turn-down collar (yrbaakhy) appeared. Men wore a simple belt, the rich wore silver and copper plaques.
Women's clothing was complemented by a belt (kur), chest (ilin kebiher), back (kelin kebiher), neck (mooi sime5e) decorations, earrings (ytar5a), bracelets (byogyoh), braids (suһүөkh sime5e), rings (bihileh) made from silver, often gold. Shoes - winter high boots made of deer or horse skins with the fur on the outside (eterbes), summer boots made of suede (saara).
An elegant loose-fitting women's dress - haladaai. A sleeveless vest was worn over the dress. It was decorated with embroidery, beads or lace (shown on a mannequin).
Dolgans.
Men wore Russian-style shirts and trousers, women wore dresses, over which they wore closed aprons. The clothing was belted with a beaded belt. Men and women wore cloth caftans - sontap - all year round, in winter also arctic fox and hare fur coats, deer parkas with a hood and sokui. Bergese hats had the shape of a hood with a top made of cloth or fox kamus, embroidered with beads and colored stripes of fabric. Winter shoes up to the knees and longer were made from reindeer kamusov, summer sewn from rovdugi.
(ROVDUGA, suede made from deer or elk skin)
(CAMS(Sami), pieces of skin from the legs of deer, hare, arctic fox, etc. Used for padding skis, making and decorating fur shoes, mittens and clothing among many peoples of the North and Siberia)
Evens.
The main element of men's and women's clothing was the swing caftan (tats). Natazniks (herki) were worn under the caftan.
Depending on the time of year, shoes were made from fur or rovduga; women's shoes were decorated with beaded ornaments (nisa). The headdress of men and women was a tightly fitting hood (avun), embroidered with beads. In winter, a large fur hat was worn over it, and women sometimes wore a scarf.
Yukaghirs.
The traditional clothing of the Yukaghirs included a swinging caftan, a bib, trousers, a headdress, and gloves.
Festive clothes were decorated with multi-colored fur, beads, metal pendants, and plaques. Men braided their hair in a braid, decorating it with beads or an iron plaque. Women braided many braids with strings of beads and pearls.
Chukchi.
National Chukchi clothing, unswing by cut.
The clothing and footwear of the tundra and coastal Chukchi were no different. Winter clothes were made from two layers of reindeer skins with fur on the inside and outside.
Coastal - used durable, elastic, practically waterproof seal skin. The mutual exchange of agricultural products allowed the tundra people to receive shoes, leather soles, belts, lassos, and the coastal people to receive reindeer skins for winter clothing. In summer they wore worn out winter clothes. Typical shoes - short to the knees Torbass several types, sewn from seal skins with the wool facing out.
(TORBASA (torbase), high boots made of deer skin, seal skin, etc. with the hair facing out on a leather sole among the peoples of the North and Siberia.)
Physical education minute
1) palming
4) National clothes of the Evenks
Evenks live on the territory of the Neryungri ulus.
Today we will get acquainted in detail with the national clothing of the Evenks.
(I am a 1st grade student. My name is Lena Alexandrova. I am Evenki.)
a) greeting in Evenki language
b) a story about the national clothes of the Evenks
Traditional Evenki winter clothes were made from deer skins, summer clothes were made from rovduga or fabric. The Evenki men's and women's costume included an open caftan (summer - Sun, winter - Hegilme, Muke) with 2 wide folds at the back (for ease of riding a deer), ties on the chest and a deep neckline without a collar, a bib with ties at the back (women's - Nelly - with a straight bottom edge and a male - helmi - angle), a belt with a sheath (for men) and a handbag (for women), natazniks (herki), leggings (aramus, gurumi).
Evenki outerwear was distinguished by great diversity. The main material for Evenki clothing is reindeer skin.
Evenki clothing - the same for men and women - was loose. It was made from one whole uncut skin in such a way that the central part of the skin covered the back, and the side parts of the skin were narrow shelves. The sleeves were sewn in. With this clothing they always wore a special bib that protected the chest and stomach from the cold. They sewed clothes from rovduga and reindeer skins with the fur facing out. The sleeves were made narrow, with sewn-on mittens. Hem of clothes Evenks the back was cut out with a cape, and it was longer than the front. Clothes were decorated with mosaics of fur strips, beads and strips of dyed rovdug and fabrics.
Evenki men's and women's clothing differed only in the shape of the bib: the lower end of the male bib was in the form of a sharp cape, while that of the female one was straight. Later, the Evenks began to sew these clothes only from rovduga in combination with calico fabrics.
The most common clothing among all Evenki groups was the so-called “parka”. Parka - fluff, porg - outer winter clothing made of deer skins with the fur outward among the peoples of the North of Siberia. It was worn by both men and women. In winter, a long scarf made from the tails of fur-bearing animals was wrapped around the neck and head, or a “nel” was worn.
Evenki women brought a lot of imagination and ingenuity to the decoration of traditional Nel bibs. It serves to protect the chest and throat from frost and wind, is worn under the caftan, around the neck and hangs down to the stomach. The women's bib is particularly beautiful. Cloth appliqué and beaded embroidery at the collar and waistband create geometric, symmetrical shapes ending with colored accents at the chest. The coloring of Evenki beadwork is dominated by harmoniously combined colors - white, blue, gold, pink.
Women's clothing of the Evenks was cut off and gathered at the waist into gathers, representing something like a jacket with a skirt, and the back of a married woman's clothing had a cut at the waist, due to the rounded shape of the armholes, while in girls' clothing the same part of the clothing was cut like a kimono, that is, the front, back and part of the sleeves were cut out from one piece of fabric folded crosswise in half.
The lower parts of the body were usually protected single or double fur, and in the summer – wool or cloth pants.
The most common shoes
The Evenks were and are high boots, from the Evenki "unta" shoes, or another name for "torbasy", fur shoes among the peoples of the North and Siberia.
In the harsh conditions of northern Siberia, the Evenki outfit necessarily included mittens,
decorated at the request of the craftswoman.
Headdress Evenki women wear a bonnet. A bonnet is a children's and women's headdress with ribbons tied under the chin.
The practical use of Evenki clothing did not prevent them from decorating it with balls and circles made of mammoth bone, beads, and beads. The Evenki ornament strictly consists of the simplest stripes, arcs or arches, circles, alternating squares, rectangles, zigzags, and cross-shaped figures.
The ornament in Evenki clothing had a certain sacred power, instilling in the owner of this item a feeling of confidence and invulnerability, strength and courage. For example, the image of the sun or the spider ornament meant good wishes and had a protective function. The image of the sun is often used in the decoration of Evenki products. Technique of execution and decoration - fur mosaic, bead embroidery.
c) production of clothing items (mittens)
Today for class I have prepared a riddle for you. Only by guessing it,you can find out what we will decorate today:
Two braids
Two sisters
Made from fine sheep yarn.
How to walk - how to wear it,
So that five and five do not freeze.
(Mittens)
That's right, guys! In our cold, frosty winters, we won’t be able to go outside without gloves. Mittens are “clothing” for our hands.
Mothers and grandmothers with great love and diligence knit or sew mittens for their loved ones. To ensure that the mittens not only warm us, but also make us happy, they are decorated with various patterns, embroideries, and appliqués. Look how beautiful and different my mittens are today.
Guys, you already guessed that today we will make a pattern to decorate the mittens.
But first I’ll tell you an Evenki fairy tale “ Needle price
».
That was a long time ago. There lived one Evenk, he had a wife and child. One day an Evenk went hunting. He was gone for a long time. While he was away, the tent was attacked by terrible Chanits (monsters). He returned from hunting and saw that his wife was crying.
- Why are you crying?
- Yes, the Chanites came and ruined our tent!
- Oh, and I thought you lost your needle!
Previously, a needle was very expensive for an Evenki family; the loss of a needle was considered a great grief. Without a needle, a craftswoman could not sew clothes for her family.
For many centuries, people believed in the protective power of ornament, believing that it protects from troubles and brings happiness and prosperity. Gradually, the function of the amulet was lost, but the main purpose of the ornament remained - to make the object more elegant and attractive, and artistically expressive.
For a long time, people have strived to make their homes, clothes, and household items not only comfortable, durable, but also beautiful. The main source of inspiration for people was the amazing natural world around them. The peoples of the North depicted deer, walruses, and spruce trees in their designs
d) exhibition of works
IV ) Summary of the lesson
What interesting things did you learn today? What did you learn to do?
V ) Reflection
Mood? The sun and dolls in national costumes.
VI ) Conclusion
Guys from the Volga and Oka,
Come visit us on Lena!
The edge of the unknown taiga
You will definitely like it.
We have such virgin lands,
Which has no end and edge!..
A beautiful country awaits you,
Diamond and gold!
Don't be afraid of our fierce winters!..
Although our cold is fierce,
However, we will defeat her
Great fire of hot friendship!
Leonid Popov
VI ) Treating guests to Evenki national dishes
1) Deer heart salad
2) Deer liver
3) Flatbread “Tupa”
Ysyakh Tuymaady - 2017. Head of the city of YakutskV2017 Aisen Nikolaev (center) on the sacred land of Us-Khatyn.
According to fashion experts, there are already entire regions of Russia where folk costume has ceased to be a museum exhibit and is trying to return to everyday life.
Last week I wrote about, this week it’s Yakutsky’s turn.
Do you know that in the spring of 2015, the leaders of the Verkhnevilyuisky ulus (district) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) began to come to work once a week - on Mondays - in national Yakut frock coats, declaring that ethnic clothing disciplines, improves the culture of communication, and also unites team? 
PLeaders of the Verkhnevilyuisky ulus in national Yakut frock coats
“Today, the heads of departments came in national clothes. Usually people wear national clothes only on Ysyakh. But these clothes are beautiful and comfortable. We decided to sew a more formal version and wear it at work on Mondays. In the future, we also plan to come to official events in national clothes," said Spiridon Borbuev, deputy head and manager of the administration of the Vernevilyuysky ulus.
The Yakuts really love to wear national clothes on Ysyakh; in 2017, they even broke another Guinness World Record with their mass appearance in traditional clothes.
Ysyakh is a Yakut summer holiday, traditionally it was celebrated on the day of the summer solstice, but after the Second World War, due to the mournful date, it began to be held between June 10 and June 25, depending on the ulus, weekend schedule, local preferences, etc. d.
June 27, 2015 in the area of Us Khatyn near the city of Yakutsk The Head of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Egor Borisov and the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko took part in the opening ceremony of the traditional folk holiday "Ysyakh Tuymaady".
Ysyakh Tuymaady - 2017
Left: Minister of Nature Protection of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Sakhamin AFANASYEV with his daughter
Right: Deputy of Il Tumen Alexander SUSOEV with his wife
16,626 people in national clothes at Ysyakh Tuymaady - 2017 beat the next world GinNessa
What is traditional Yakut clothing like and what do we know about it?
******************
The national clothes of different nationalities often have a clear imprint not only of everyday life, way of life, but also of climatic conditions. The Yakut national costume was created specifically for the difficult climatic conditions of the North. Of course, it also contains a certain number of elements borrowed from other peoples, but this does not at all create a negative impression of the Yakut costume.
Historical reference
The Yakuts, as a national community, are today most concentrated in Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. A small number of people of this nationality can be found in the Magadan, Sakhalin and Amur regions.
The earliest examples of Yakut national clothing are considered to be costumes that arose back in the 13th century. Basically, these are outerwear with pronounced folk ornaments, decorations and elements. The national Yakut costume of that time was created from the fur of various animals, coarse cloth and silk, and leather.
Already in the Christian era (17-18 centuries), a traditional set of outerwear was made from the skin and fur of domestic animals, since the main activity of the Yakuts was horse and cattle breeding. Suede, leather and fur from short-haired pets have become especially popular. For additional insulation during particularly frosty periods, Yakut craftsmen used the skins of animals with fluffy, long-haired fur. This option looked more like a decorative adornment of a classic national costume: fur strips were sewn around the perimeter of outerwear, as cuffs on sleeves, and also wide warm collars.
Features of the cut
Each folk clothing is often based on a straight silhouette with the same sleeves. The traditional costume of the Yakuts is no exception.
However, there are several variations in its “design”:
Yakut national costume “buuktaakh son”
onoolokh, buuktaah. Yakut craftsmen, without undue embarrassment, based this type of cut on the peculiarities of tailoring clothes for the Russian military and avid travelers. Of course, there were some exclusively national inclusions. This cut owes its name to the presence of folds on the back - “onoo” and the original sleeve model - “buuk” (puffed). Outerwear (most often coats), sewn according to this principle, was worn equally by both men and women. The main materials for the manufacture of Yakut national costumes of this cut were: leather and daba (Chinese paper fabric) - for men; fur and suede (depending on the season) - for women. The trim was velvet stripes on the collar and cuffs;
Women's clothing "kytyylaakh dream"
kytyylaah. It appeared in the everyday life of the Yakuts much later than the first type of cut and differs from it only in some details. For example, a double wide cloth strip, which was placed along the edge of the side of the outer national clothing.
The main feature of a women's summer coat made using the kytyylaakh cut is the presence of red threads in the ornament that decorates the perimeter of the garment and the sleeves. In men's models, built according to the same principle, there are more austere and dull colors;
tanalai. One of the most ancient types of cut. Traditional winter Yakut clothing, which was made from rovduga (deer or elk suede) using the fur of fur-bearing animals. The peculiarities of this cut are the presence of a fur shoulder pad, which was located at the junction of the sleeve and the armhole. Slits on the sides, shiny metal decorations in the form of pendants at the waist. Some historians insist that this type of cut was typical for wedding dresses.
Women's clothing "tagalai son"
Basically, the women's national costume of the Yakuts did not differ much from the men's. The main differences include the color design, the presence of additional decor, and the use of different materials.
Women's Yakut costume
Costume "hassyat, haladaay"
Basic materials for making traditional women's clothing in Yakutia:
everyday - practical and durable chintz and satin;
festive - expensive, beautiful and shiny silk and satin;
outerwear - fur, suede with the skillful addition of pieces of silk or fur national ornaments.
The national fur coat of an adult Yakut woman is called sanyah, is sewn from the skins of wild animals: sable, wolf, wolverine or fox. This is one of the most important items in a bride's wedding attire. On the back, the skin was laid out in such a way that the fur formed a pattern in the form of spread wings.
In general, the classic Yakut wedding wardrobe of a woman consisted of the following basic elements:
- Annakh is a special piece of cloth that covers the face.
- Underwear shirt made of rough rovdug.
- Leather pantaloons, covering mainly the pelvic part of the bride.
- Leggings were special leggings made from the skin of a wild animal, which resembled boots, but ended at the ankle and did not have a foot part.
- A fur coat is a warm fluffy coat.
- A traditional headdress, which in its cut and appearance resembled a military helmet.
- A large number of decorations. This element among the Yakuts was considered one of the most important in women's clothing. At the same time, everything was decorated: clothes, shoes, head, chest, hands. Yakut beadwork is especially popular to this day. Its basics are passed down from mother to daughter.
The Yakut woman’s costume exactly repeated the costume of an adult woman. It was typical for the girl to use the edge around the perimeter of the cap.
National Yakut costume for men
Of course, clothing for men differed from women's in particular modesty. The main feature was considered to be the presence of fur trim on the sleeves and collar.
Men's caftan
The height of the pile of such a finish could reach the highest levels. The headdress also necessarily resembles a helmet in shape, was made of natural fur and covered the ears, cheekbones and slightly chin area from frost. At the end of such a Yakut hat there was usually a full moon or sun, which signified the continuation of the family.
From childhood, Yakut boys wore national clothes, which, in their cut and decoration, completely replicated the clothes of adult men.
Costumes of the indigenous Yakuts today
In the modern world, a larger range of fabrics, textures and decorations are used to make national clothing.
Today they represent a national treasure and practically a special subject of pride and national art, worthy of museums and exhibitions. These are always expensive, high-quality fabrics and furs, sewn and finished in the best Yakut traditions. Of course, modern designers have moved quite far away from the ancient heritage, constantly making their own adjustments, their vision and their creativity.
From here
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As already mentioned, Yakuts wear national Yakut clothes for the traditional Ysyakh holiday in June.
But besides this, they have another new holiday, invented quite recently, in 2012 - Folk Craftsman’s Day, dedicated to the craftsmen of the republic. In total, in Yakutia there are over 200 holders of the title of “folk master” and more than 350 masters of folk art crafts.
National Craftsman's Day is celebrated on March 5, when there is still winter and a lot of snow in Yakutia, and on this day a very beautiful procession of craftsmen in winter national clothes of the Sakha people and indigenous peoples of the North is organized, in which all 22 uluses of the republic are represented.
There is also a brand in Yakutia Sakhabult with a company store.
This is how Yakutia is now reviving and promoting its national costume.
Well, how do you feel about such ethno-initiatives and holidays in Yakutia?
